中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十五
湿地修复工程
本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明
2.3.3湿地修复工程
2.3.3 Wetland restoration program
2011年4月30日，随着白洋淀十二孔闸闸门缓慢降下，河北省第4次“引黄济淀”工程圆满结束。白洋淀水域面积因此扩大了60%，白洋淀的“干渴”危机得到缓解，白洋淀湿地生态得到基本恢复。在白洋淀修复之前，这里面临着水质污染、湿地沼泽化甚至湿地干涸等严重的湿地生态退化问题。白洋淀生态修复是全国湿地生态恢复工程的一个缩影。
On April 30, 2011, with the twelfth floodgate of the Baiyang Lake descending slowly, the 4th phrase of diversion of water from the Yellow River to the Baiyang Lake in Hebei came to an end. The water area in the Baiyang Lake has been expanded by 60%. Its “thirst” has been eased, and its wetland ecosystem recovered. Before restoration, the Baiyang Lake was facing a serious problem of ecological degradation: water pollution and swampiness of wetland or even drying-up. The ecological restoration of the Baiyang Lake is an epitome of China’s national wetland restoration project.
按照国际定义，湿地是地球上所有露头的淡水，以及涨潮深度小于6米的近海海域。就是说，江、河、湖泊、沼泽与近海，都属于湿地。中国人非常关心湿地恢复工作，究其原因，是因为该类生态系统受到的损害最大。过去50年来，河北省的湿地竟消失了90%！即便侥幸留下来的湿地，八成以上也变成了污水排泄场所，无法很好地发挥湿地生态功能。陕西关中一带30多个县，几十年来消失上万个池塘！在南方，中国最大的淡水湖鄱阳湖，水域面积从最高记录4000平方公里，减少到了不足50平方公里，竟减少了98.8%！内蒙古阿拉善盟，由于上游地区过量使用黑河水资源，使得进入绿洲的水量由9亿立方米减少到现在的不足2亿立方米，致使东西居延海干枯，几百处湖泊消失！
According to the international definition, a wetland is a land area saturated with water, or offshore area whose depth of tidal water is less than 6 meters. That is to say, rivers, lakes, swamps and coastal waters are all wetlands. The fundamental reason for China’s concern about the wetland restoration work is that this ecosystem has suffered the most serious damage. Over the past 50 years, wetlands in Hebei actually have been reduced by 90%! More than 80% of the wetlands retained have become sewage areas, instead of playing the ecological functions of wetlands. In more than 30 counties of central Shaanxi, as many as over 10,000 ponds have vanished in the last decades! In the south, the water area of China’s largest freshwater lake, the Poyang Lake, has shrunk from a record-high 4,000 square kilometers to less than 50 square kilometers, a decrease of 98.8%! In Alxa League of Inner Mongolia, due to excessive use of water resources of the Heihe River in the upstream areas, water flowing into the oasis was reduced from 900 million to less than 200 million cubic meters, resulting in the drying up of the East and West Juyanhai Lake and the disappearance of hundreds of other stretches of water!
掠夺性开发和不合理利用，淤积、污染、过度排水等，导致湿地面积和资源日益减少，功能和效益下降，生物多样性丧失。湿地被称为“地球之肾”，湿地的减少和功能退化，不仅对区域生态造成破坏，而且由于湿地生态对区域气候有重要调节作用，湿地的破坏会进一步影响周边其他生态系统的稳定。近年来，洪涝、干旱、赤潮、沙尘暴、荒漠化等自然灾害的频繁发生，许多都与湿地的消失和退化密切相关。不仅如此，湿地面积减少和水质恶化，导致可利用淡水资源严重减少，直接威胁到水资源供给安全，进而影响到整个经济和社会的稳定，影响到中国的可持续发展。因湿地消失，干旱几度由北方转移到鱼米之乡的江南。2007年，鄱阳湖大旱，湖畔城市上千万人遭受饮水危机。
Over exploitation and unreasonable utilization, silting up, pollution, and excessive drainage have led to gradual reduction of wetlands and resources, declining functions and efficiency, and loss of biodiversity. The wetland is called “kidney of the earth”. The decrease of wetlands and their degradation of functions, not only inflict damage to the regional ecology, but also further affect the stability of their neighboring ecosystems, because the wetland ecosystem plays an important role in regional climate regulation. In recent years, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, red tides, sand storms, and desertification is closely related to the loss and degradation of wetlands. Moreover, area reduction and deterioration of water quality in the wetlands result in serious reduction of available freshwater resources and pose a direct threat to the security of water supply, which will eventually affect overall economic and social stability and retard China’s sustainable development. The loss of wetlands sometimes causes the aridity to spread from the north to the south, the land of milk and honey. In 2007, the great drought in the Poyang Lake triggered a water crisis for tens of millions of people.
湿地具有涵养水源的作用，湿地萎缩不仅造成供水危机，同时也影响了生态防洪能力。1998 年，长江流域发生特大洪水，共溃决堤垸2000 多个，淹没耕地283万亩，受灾人口达253 万。这次洪水与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖等湖泊湿地面积的锐减有很大关系。
Wetlands have the function of water conservation, so that their shrinkage does not only cause a water crisis, but also affects the ecological capacity of flood control. In 1998, a catastrophic flood occurred in the Yangtze River, causing more than 2,000 dikes to collapse, 2.83 million mu of farmland to be flooded and affecting 2.53 million people. The flood was closely linked with the sharp receding of wetlands in the Dongting Lake and the Poyang Lake, etc.
大自然已经敲响了警钟，湿地保护已经刻不容缓！
Nature has set off alarm bells, and wetland protection task is pressing!
开始于2005年、结束于2010年的湿地保护一期工程，使中国70%的重要湿地得到了有效保护，基本形成自然湿地保护网络体系。“十二五”以来，中国湿地保护明显提速。按照新的规划，在国家级湿地自然保护区、国家重要湿地区域范围及其周边敏感区域内，要强化保护区建设。中国已从现有的473个湿地类型的自然保护区中，选择近一半（222个）投资强化保护区建设，另外新建野生稻保护区13个，并对4处严重退化的国家级湿地自然保护区的核心区实施移民。
The first-stage project of wetland protection beginning in 2005 and ending in 2010 has effectively protected 70% of China’s important wetlands, and a basic natural wetland protection network system has been in shape. Since the launching of the 12thFive-Year Plan, wetland protection has been significantly accelerated. Under the new plan, it is necessary to intensify the construction of protected areas in National Wetland Nature Reserves, within wetlands of national significance and their sensitive surrounding zones. China has selected nearly half (222) of the existing 473 wetland nature reserves for the construction of protected areas. In addition, it has built 13 new in situ conservations of wild rice resources areas and implemented migration from the core areas of 4 severely degraded national wetland nature reserves.
对于退化湿地，重点进行生态恢复工程，主要包括：生态补水工程，包括吉林向海、黑龙江扎龙、黑龙江洪河、山东黄河河口、黄河禹门口潼关段河滩、河北白洋淀和衡水湖、新疆塔里木河下游、内蒙古黑河下游居延海、太湖、滇池、山东南四湖等；湿地污染控制工程，包括江苏阳澄湖和溱湖、新疆环博斯腾湖、内蒙古乌梁素海，开展富营养化湖泊湿地生物控制示范；湿地生态恢复和综合整治工程，包括大庆、辽河和大港油田，开展湿地保护示范工程……
With regard to degraded wetlands, the focus is on ecological restoration projects, including ecological water compensation projects covering Xianghai Nature Reserve in Jilin, Zhalong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang, Honghe River Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang, the estuary of the Yellow River in Shandong, river shoals of Tongguan section, Yumenkou on the Yellow River, the Baiyang Lake and the Hengshui Lake in Hebei, the downstream section of the Tarim River in Xinjiang, the Juyanhai Lake in the downstream section of the Heihe River in Inner Mongolia, the Taihu Lake, the Dianchi Lake, and the Nansi Lake in Shandong, etc. The wetland pollution control projects involve the Yangcheng Lake and the Qin Lake in Jiangsu, the Bostan Lake Ring area in Xinjiang and Ulansuhai Nur in Inner Mongolia, in conjunction with the implementation of lake and wetland eutrophication demonstration programs. The wetland ecological restoration and comprehensive treatment project covers the Daqing, Liaohe and Dagang oilfields.
通过有效的湿地治理措施，不少干涸的湿地重现生机。让我们回过头来看看刚才讲的白洋淀。通过生态补水工程，白洋淀水域面积由82平方公里扩大到134平方公里，占白洋淀总面积的36%，水位由补水前的6.7米上升到7.4米。充足的水量使白洋淀再现烟波浩渺的景象，芦苇、菖蒲、荷花等湿地植物再显白洋淀风光，数百只天鹅或在空中翱翔，或悠然戏水。这样久违的湿地美景，在治理区许多地方重新出现。
Through effective wetland management measures, many dried wetlands have revitalized. For instance in the Baiyangdian Lake, through ecological water compensation projects, the water area has expanded from 82 to 134 square kilometers, accounting for 36% of the total lake area, and the water level has risen from 6.7 to 7.4 meters. Sufficient water means that the lake can reproduce the former scene of a vast expanse of mist-shrouded waters; wetland plants like reeds, calamus, and lotus have helped the former wetland scenery reappear, with hundreds of swans flying in the air or leisurely swimming in the water. Such long-lost views are now reoccurring in many areas through treatment.
