中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之十
大气污染治理
本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明
2.2环境治理，防止污染
2.2 Environmental management and pollution prevention
2.2.1从口罩热销说起
2.2.1 Brisk Mask Business
2013年1月，在中国最大的网络销售平台淘宝网上，口罩销量猛增。仅1月10日和11日两天，就有2.3万笔口罩订单发生，合计销售近50万只口罩！其中，光北京地区就产生了6920笔订单，北京人竟然在这两天买了近14万只口罩！
In January 2013, on Taobao, China’s largest online sales platform, masks sales soared. On only two days of January 10 and 11, there were 23,000 orders totaling 500,000 masks! Among them, orders from Beijing reached 6,920 (140,000 masks)!
口罩为什么突然如此热销？
Why do the face masks suddenly sell like hot cakes?
自2012年冬以来，中国城市雾霾天气明显增多。这是环境污染物长期积累、集中爆发的结果。北京、山东、河北南部、河南、山西东部、安徽、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、湖北、湖南、江西大部、广东西部、广西东部及四川和云南局部等地区，出现了10～20天雾霾；华北南部及江苏中部、四川东部、重庆西南部、贵州西部等地，有8～15天能见度不足1000米；河北南部、山东西北部、四川东部等地部分地区，有5～12天能见度不足500米！中国74个城市的PM2.5值，有33个城市指标超过300微克/立方米，其中京津冀最为严重。有媒体称，北京成为伦敦烟雾事件之后的新“雾都”。
Since the winter of 2012, China’s hazy days have increased significantly, as a result of long-term accumulation and concentrated outbreak of environmental pollutants. Hazy weather lasted for 10 to 20 days in Beijing, Shandong, southern Hebei, Henan, eastern Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, most parts of Jiangxi, western Guangdong, eastern Guangxi, some cities in Sichuan and Yunnan; for 8 to 15 days the visibility was limited to less than 1,000 meters in the southern part of North China, central Jiangsu, eastern Sichuan, southwestern Chongqing, and western Guizhou, and so on; for 5 to 12 days the visibility was restricted to no more than 500 meters in southern Hebei, northwestern Shandong, eastern Sichuan province, and so on! Among 74 cities, the PM2.5 value of 33 of them exceeded 300 micrograms/cubic meter, and the most heavily polluted was the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. It was stated in a mass media report that London may be replaced by Beijing as “the smog capital”.
雾霾的产生，是多雾少风等气候条件，过量的污染物排放，过量浮尘和丰富水汽共同作用的结果。其中，过量的污染物排放是雾霾天气的主要原因。大气污染物遇到浮尘矿物质后，会迅速结合，形成混合颗粒；空气湿度较大时，这种混合颗粒会很快吸收湿气，使得颗粒的粒径增长2倍至3倍，吸收光线的能力增加8倍至9倍。空气中漂浮着大量这种颗粒，使得能见度下降为原来的近1/10。
Haze results from several factors, such as foggy but windless weather condition, excessive discharge of pollutants, too much dust and abundant moisture. Of these, excessive pollutant discharge is the major cause. When atmospheric pollutants meet dust and minerals in the air, they will quickly mix up to form mixed particles. In humid air, these hybrid particles will quickly absorb moisture, and increase their size by 2 to 3 times and their absorption capacity of light multiplies by 8 to 9 times. A large quantity of such particles floating in the air will reduce the visibility by 90%.
这些颗粒是从哪里来的呢？其中，氧化型有机颗粒物，主要来自北京周边排放；油烟型有机物，主要来自局部地区烹饪源排放；氮富集有机物，是一种化学过程的产物；烃类有机颗粒物，主要来自汽车尾气和燃煤[1]。
Where do these particles come from? Oxidized organic particulate matter mainly comes from emissions around Beijing; lampblack organic matter is emitted from cooking in certain places; nitrogen concentration organic matter originates from certain chemical processes; and hydrocarbon organic particulate matter is exuded mainly from vehicle exhausts and coal.
伦敦烟雾事件造成12000多人丧生；洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件，造成800余人死亡。京津冀雾霾虽然没有具体数据，但雾霾出现时，医院呼吸科病人明显增多是不争的事实。
The London smog disaster in 1952 caused more than 12,000 deaths; and photochemical smog in Los Angeles killed more than 800 people. The number of victims of the haze in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region is not available, but there is no denying the fact that the patients in the pneumology department of hospitals increased significantly.
2.2.2大气监测与治理
2.2.2 Atmospheric monitoring and controlling
在两三年前，人们听到PM2.5还会感到陌生。随着中国大气质量监测和发布工作的精细化，PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3含量这些专业术语也都进入了公众的知识库。
Two or three years ago, people were not familiar with PM2.5. With the refinement of China’s air quality monitoring and dissemination, technical terms such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 have now become part of the general vocabulary of the public.
近年来，中国政府建立建成了各类空气质量监测网，分布在 338个地级市，由1436个监测站组成。监测项目包括SO2、NOx、CO、碳氢化合物、浮尘等，最近，部分城市进一步增加了PM2.5的监测。
In recent years, the Chinese government has built an air quality monitoring network comprising 1,436 monitoring stations, distributed in 338 prefecture-level cities. Pollutants under scrutiny include SO2, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, dust, etc. Recently, some cities have added PM2.5 to the list.
在大气环境监测的基础上，中国针对重点污染区域，加大了大气污染治理的力度。钢铁、电解铝、焦炭等行业大气污染严重，很多地区提高了这些行业的准入标准，从而抑制高污染企业的增长势头；同时对污染企业的产能加以控制，通过降低总产量抑制排放总量的过快增长。与此同时，提高重污染行业的废气处理能力，使已有产能逐渐走向绿色生产。对于严重污染地区的严重污染企业，实施关闭或迁出，比如奥运会前，首钢就迁出了备受污染之苦的北京市。
On the basis of the monitoring of the atmospheric environment, focusing on key polluted areas, China has intensified control of air pollution. Industries like iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, and coke cause heavy air pollution, so many regions have raised the standards for these industries in order to hinder the growth of high-polluting enterprises. At the same time the total amount of emissions can be decreased by reducing industrial output. Moreover, the exhaust gas treatment capacity of these industries has been improved to bring about eventual green production. High-polluting enterprises in severely contaminated areas are closed or shifted elsewhere. For example, before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the steel-making Shougang Group was removed out of highly polluted Beijing.
针对城市雾霾中的烃类有机颗粒物，一方面努力降低城市煤炭消费总量，另一方面加快治理机动车污染。对于车用燃油，加快低硫化步伐，提升燃油品质；对于机动车，提高机动车排放标准，逐步从国I级标准提高到国IV级标准。排放标准每提高一个级别，单车污染可减少30%至50%。在某些严重污染地区，近年来一直实行机动车保有量控制。比如北京市，近两年每年只允许新增小客车24万辆，而且个人用车占88%，单位、团体等公务用车只能占10%。也就是说，在城市雾霾污染严重的北京，可不是有钱就能买到汽车的。
With regard to hydrocarbon organic particulate matter in haze, efforts have been made to reduce total consumption of coal in the cities on the one hand, and to tighten controls over motor vehicle emissions on the other. Steps have been taken to accelerate the low sulfidation of fuel to improve its quality and to raise standards on vehicle emissions from National Stage I to National Stage IV. With increase of each stage level, pollution per vehicle will fall by 30%–50%. In some heavily polluted areas, the total number of motor vehicles has been controlled in recent years. In Beijing, in the past two years, an increase of only 240,000 new passenger cars was allowed for each year. Civilian vehicles account for 88% and official vehicles owned by work units and organizations account for only 10%. In other words, in heavily polluted Beijing, you cannot buy a car just because you have money.
通过长期不懈的努力，中国部分城市空气质量有所改善。如北京市，部分主要大气污染物，治理14年后成效明显，二氧化硫2012年下降70%，PM10下降40%，二氧化氮下降30%左右。尽管如此，由于城市化的快速发展，大气污染形势非常严峻，治理还要长期坚持下去。蓝天白云不是等来的。
Through unremitting efforts, air quality in some cities has been improved. In Beijing, remarkable achievements have been made in controlling major air pollutants after 14 years of painstaking efforts. Sulfur dioxide was reduced in 2012 by 70%, PM10 by 40%, nitrogen dioxide by about 30%. Nevertheless, due to the rapid development of urbanization, the air pollution situation remains very serious, and so persistent work is still desirable to make our sky blue.
【1】其中氧化型有机颗粒物在整个污染过程中所占比例最大，为44%，其余三个组分别占21%、17%和18%。
[1] Oxidized organic particulate matter occupies the largest proportion: 44%, while the other three groups of matter account for 21%, 17% and 18% respectively.
