中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之三十五
国土开发制度
本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明
4.2.1国土开发制度
4.2.1 Territorial development system
许多年来，由于盲目强调GDP，全国各地到处都在动土。全国上下成为一片“大工地”，造成了严重的环境污染与资源浪费。直到现在，许多地方政府依然吃的是土地财政，也就是靠卖土地获得收入。很多原来种植粮食的地方，都在试图“种植”房子。如果不及时制止，耕地将面临短缺，食物供应将出现危机，经济也会陷入泡沫。为此，中国政府启动了国土开发规划工作。2003年3月，国土资源部依据《土地管理法》及国家有关土地开发整理的方针、政策，制定了《全国土地开发整理规划》。
For many years, due to the blind pursuit of GDP, the country has been engulfed by construction fever. The whole country has been turned into a “huge construction site”, causing serious environmental pollution and waste of resources. Until now, many local governments still rely on selling land for revenue. Much land originally planted with crops is now piled up with buildings. If allowed to continue, China will soon face a shortage of arable land, run into a food supply crisis, and in the end reap nothing but a bubble economy. To this end, the Chinese government has launched a territorial development plan. In March 2003, according to the Law of Land Administration and other related policies, the Ministry of Land and Resources formulated the National Land Development and Consolidation Plan.
什么是国土开发整理？
What is territorial development and consolidation?
国土开发整理，就是整理好土地，根据土地的特点有计划地进行不同类型的开发。优秀的耕地，要保证它用于农业生产，以便多生产食物；生态脆弱、物种濒危或影响深远的地方不要开发，保持自然状态作为生态屏障；还有些地方，有较好的交通、市场和人才条件，可以安排重大工程，集中开发。
It means proper management of lands, and methodical exploitation of various types according to the nature of lands. Top-quality land is for agricultural production to produce more food; lands with fragile ecology, endangered species or of far-reaching importance are not for development, and must remain in its natural state as an ecological barrier; and lands with better transportation, marketing and personnel conditions can be arranged for concentrated project development.
国土整理工作有三方面内容：土地整理、土地复垦和土地开发。
Territorial consolidation work in China comprises three aspects: land consolidation, land reclamation and land exploitation.
土地整理，就是通过工程手段或种植植物的办法，对田、水、路、林、村进行综合整治，方便耕作，提高耕地生产力。我曾经参与过这样的项目，帮助我们在山东平邑县的科研基地附近的6个村庄，成功申请到国家的土地整理资金800万元，对科研基地周边的1万亩土地进行了整理。这些工程有一部分已经发挥了作用。在具体项目实施过程中，科学家与农民的参与是非常重要的。
Land consolidation means comprehensive improvement of lands, water, roads, forests, and villages through projects or by growing plants, to make them convenient for farming and to raise cropland productivity. I used to be engaged in this kind of project. I helped 6 villages near our research base in Pingyi County successfully apply for a fund of 8 million Yuan for consolidation of land covering 10,000 mu around the base. Some of the projects have begun to function. In the whole process, the participation of both scientists and farmers is very important.
土地复垦是对那些已经不能用于农业生产的土地进行修复，使之能够重新耕种。需要修复的土地包括：在生产建设过程中因挖损、塌陷、压占等造成破坏、废弃的土地，和因自然灾害造成破坏、废弃的土地。
Land reclamation is to recultivate those lands which have not been used for farming to make it suitable for growing crops again. Those lands include lands damaged or abandoned due to digging, collapsing, or pressing in the process of construction, and lands damaged or abandoned because of natural disasters.
土地开发是指在保护和改善生态环境、防止水土流失和土地荒漠化的前提下，对未利用的土地资源进行合理开发利用。
Land development refers to the rational exploitation and utilization of unutilized land resources on the basis of protection and improvement of the ecological environment, prevention of soil erosion and desertification.
按照国土开发制度的要求，今后的土地利用将有章法可循，有科学的规划。对尚未利用的土地进行开垦和利用，对已利用的土地进行整治，都要制度化，要经过论证，这样，才能保证国土有序开发，提高土地利用率，保障耕地安全，保护生态环境。
In accordance with the requirements of the territorial development system, future land use must follow rules and plans. The reclamation and utilization of lands not in use, and the consolidation of lands in use, will be institutionalized through appraisal and demonstration, so as to ensure orderly development, improve the land utilization rate, and protect arable land and the ecological environment.
